This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of State Foreign Service Institute (award #19FS1A18C0002). Any opinions, findings, conclusions ...

Suggested Citation: "5 Interpreting FSI Test Scores." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. A Principled Approach to Language Assessment: Considerations for the U.S. Foreign ...

Developmental language disorder (DLD) affects approximately one in 14 kindergarten-age children, according to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. This is a statistic ...

Cognitive linguistics is a modern school of linguistic thought that originally began to emerge in the 1970s due to dissatisfaction with formal approaches to language. As I explain in my book, ...

A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and OpenAlex for literature published between December 1, 2022, and December 31, 2024. Studies were included if they explicitly ...