*If you learn how to use atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), you can do accurate and reliable chemical research. But it takes practice and concentration to fully grasp its basic ideas. Understanding ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy have emerged as complementary techniques that enable the precise characterisation of materials at the nanoscale. AFM provides ...

Fossil fuels are widely used in automobiles, industry, and power plants, but due to excessive use they are depleting at a rapid rate. This has prompted a search for renewable, sustainable, and ...

X-rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, pack enough energy to pierce materials and interact with inner-shell electrons. 1 When they hit a sample, ...