*If you learn how to use atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), you can do accurate and reliable chemical research. But it takes practice and concentration to fully grasp its basic ideas. Understanding ...

For more than thirty years, heavy metals have been considered potential toxic environmental contaminants. It is a fact that most of today’s environmental challenges revolve around the determination of ...

Fossil fuels are widely used in automobiles, industry, and power plants, but due to excessive use they are depleting at a rapid rate. This has prompted a search for renewable, sustainable, and ...

Due to increasing environmental pollutants and global industrialization, food and water safety have become crucial concerns today. Ensuring that consumables are free from harmful contaminants is a ...

Spectroscopy represents a scientific measurement technique for the studying of matter through its interaction with different components of the electromagnetic spectrum. It can measure light by ...

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Theory -- 2.1 Spectroscopy -- 2.2 Introduction to atomic spectroscopy -- 2.3 Quantitative considerations of transitions -- 2.3.1 Population of atoms in a state : ...