Quantum mechanics replaced the clockwork certainty of classical physics with something far stranger: a framework in which particles do not follow single, predictable paths but instead exist as clouds ...

Classical probability theory assumes an equal likelihood for all outcomes. For example, if you were to flip a coin, there's an equal change of it landing on "heads" or "tails." Microsoft Excel offers ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract It is shown that quantum mechanics cannot be formulated as a stochastic theory involving a probability distribution function of position and ...

The conjunction and disjunction fallacies are famous for revealing the limits of human reasoning about probability. This can be measured by telling people a short story about a character and then ...

For all the deference to “laws” of nature that supposedly govern everything that happens, the truth is that randomness rules the world. Everywhere you look, randomness is at work, in all the processes ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract A gas relaxing into equilibrium is often taken to be a process in which a system moves from an “improbable” to a “probable” state. Given that ...