BUFFALO, N.Y. — You probably learned in high school chemistry class that core electrons don’t participate in chemical bonding. They’re thought to be too deep inside an atom and close to the nucleus to ...

You probably learned in high school chemistry class that core electrons don’t participate in chemical bonding. They’re thought to be too deep inside an atom and close to the nucleus to meaningfully ...

Speed matters. When an X-ray photon excites an atom or ion, making a core electron jump onto a higher energy level, a short-lived window of opportunity opens. For just a few femtoseconds, before an ...