Viewing protein evolution through the lens of complex systems theory may offer new insights into the principles driving biological adaptation. In this Comment we explore how characteristics such as ...

Trans-activator of transcription (Tat), a key regulatory protein of HIV-1, binds the TAR RNA element and is essential for early viral pathogenesis. Remarkably, Tat from HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and P ...

Scientists have helped to construct a detailed timeline for bacterial evolution, suggesting some bacteria used oxygen long before evolving the ability to produce it through photosynthesis. University ...

Schematic representation of fitness landscapes. (A) Orange lines show maximum (dashed) and average (dotted) fitness of a population on a narrower peak (yellow circles), blue lines show the same for a ...