Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have gained substantial attention for their potential to surpass lithium-ion batteries as advanced energy storage devices 1,2,3. Major advancement is expected by the ...

Anode-free sodium metal batteries have gained significant attention due to the abundance of their material resources and high energy densities. However, their practical application is hindered by ...

Anode-free sodium metal batteries (AFSMBs) are promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their high energy density and low cost. Unlike traditional designs that include a hard carbon or ...