Vortex light carries orbital angular momentum (OAM) characterized by exp(ilθ), where θ is the angular coordinate and l is the topological charge (TC) 1. OAM beams have been widely used in a variety of ...
The easiest way to envision a spectrum analyzer is to begin with an oscilloscope that plots magnitude versus time. Then swap frequency for time—and voilà—a spectrum analyzer! A gross simplification ...