Monte Carlo simulation has emerged as a cornerstone in radiotherapy dosimetry, providing a first-principles approach to modelling the transport of photons, electrons and secondary particles through ...

With highly specialized instruments, we can see materials on the nanoscale – but we can’t see what many of them do. That limits researchers’ ability to develop new therapeutics and new technologies ...

Process variations and device mismatches profoundly affect the latest ultra-small geometrical processes. Complexity creates additional factors that impact device manufacturing variability, which in ...