WHEN the flux ratio does not obey the Ussing relationship 1 in a passive system, interaction must be occurring between molecules of substrate passing through the membrane. By using a thermodynamic ...

What is our Universe made out of? At a fundamental level, to the best of our knowledge, the answer is simple: particles and fields. The type of matter that makes up humans, Earth, and all the stars, ...

Size and shape are measures that greatly determine particulate behavior such as flowability, compaction, and mixing. Spherical particles are adequately characterized by size-only techniques. However, ...

In quantum mechanics, measuring both the position and speed of a particle at the same time is not possible. To identify a particle's characteristics, physicists introduced the notion of ...

Quantum particles have a social life, of a sort. They interact and form relationships with each other, and one of the most ...

Experiments showed that microwaving plastic baby food containers can release huge numbers of plastic particles -- in some cases, more than 2 billion nanoplastics and 4 million microplastics for every ...

Physicists have engineered photons that behave as if they inhabit a space far richer than the familiar three dimensions, ...

A record-breaking number of quantum bits, or qubits, have been proven to be entangled inside a quantum computer. There have been previous attempts to achieve this with a relatively large number of ...

The original version of this story appeared in Quanta Magazine. On a quiet pandemic afternoon in 2021, Zhiyuan Wang, then a graduate student at Rice University, was alleviating his boredom by working ...

Particle analysis is a crucial step in the quality control of bulk materials and is performed in laboratories worldwide. The methods used have usually been ...