Recently, Duarte and Young (2009) studied the probability of informed trading (PIN) proposed by Easley et al. (2002) and decomposed it into two parts: the adjusted PIN (APIN) as a measure of ...

We propose a method for reconstructing a probability density function (pdf) from a sample of an n-dimensional probability distribution. The method works by iteratively applying some simple ...

Nonparametric methods provide a flexible framework for estimating the probability density function of random variables without imposing a strict parametric model. By relying directly on observed data, ...