Research shows that reward-based learning requires the two neuromodulators to balance one another's influence -- like the accelerator and brakes on a car If you've heard of two of the brain's chemical ...

Tsukuba, Japan—Behaviors are reinforced by associating an action with either a favorable outcome (reward-dependent learning) or an unfavorable outcome (aversion learning), and both forms of learning ...

For almost a century, psychology and neuroscience researchers have been trying to understand the processes via which humans and other animals acquire new skills or learn to deal with specific ...

A recent study published in Nature Neuroscience suggests that the brain learns to associate a specific signal with a reward based on the amount of time that passes between rewards, rather than the ...

Scientists have long-studied the role of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that helps control learning and movement, in order to better understand Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and ...

Learning is essential in everyday life. Whenever we make a choice, we need to know whether to repeat it or to try a different course of action. But what makes us learn or prevents us from learning? A ...

Prediction error refers to the mismatch between an expected outcome and the actual outcome. When a prediction error occurs, the brain updates its ...