In well-designed courses, summative assessments align to and measure specific learning outcomes of a course. Therefore, the better students perform on these indicators, the more likely they are to ...

Evidence is gathered about student achievement or understanding. The information allows the instructor or learner to alter future instructional steps. It is done to improve learning outcomes (Black & ...

Student peer assessments provide opportunities for classmates to give and receive meaningful feedback, building valuable skills for both reviewers and recipients. Reviewers develop the ability to ...

Direct Measures of student learning consider actual student work or behavior as evidence of student learning outcomes. Direct measures are most often drawn from student work embedded in a course (such ...

Teachers need more support to move testing from a “necessary evil” to a classroom tool, experts say. While summative assessments—like unit quizzes or annual ...

Visit NAP.edu/10766 to get more information about this book, to buy it in print, or to download it as a free PDF. Three important caveats should be borne in mind when reading this chapter. First, the ...

Assessment, traditionally used by individual teachers to monitor student learning and to provide a basis for assigning grades, has always been a critical component of the education system (Glaser and ...