To show that indirect reciprocity can stabilize collective action without the second-order free rider problem, we consider a large population subdivided into randomly formed social groups of size n.

In the first part of the programme on direct speech, Yang Li and Emily introduce the concept of direct speech and indirect speech. They also give you some exercise to practice in turning indirect ...

The FAIR model proposed by higher ed associations may be on the table for fiscal year 2027.

Unlike direct financing, an indirect auto loan is when a lender provides financing to the vehicle seller, like a dealership, rather than to the borrower. This type of financing can be convenient as it ...

Indirect taxes are charged on goods and services, not on income or profits. These taxes are collected by businesses, such as retailers or producers, who then pass the payments to the government. The ...

Small and medium-sized firms can enjoy the benefits of trade liberalisation by exporting their goods or importing inputs through intermediaries. Using firm-level data from Japan, this column finds ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. I write on the human/political issues surrounding college admissions. VESPASIANO, BRAZIL - JULY 07: A lab technician holds a PCR ...

Understanding indirect taxes is key to decoding why certain Budget announcements immediately ripple through household budgets, business strategies, and even inflation.