Optimal control problems are mathematical formulations used to determine control strategies that yield a desired outcome while minimising a prescribed cost function. In many applications, these ...

Optimal control theory provides a mathematical framework for determining control strategies that optimise the performance of dynamic systems. In many practical settings, systems display abrupt changes ...

Existing ship control systems using Model Predictive Control for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) do not consider the various forces acting on ships in real sea conditions. Addressing this gap ...