In a confined space, bacteria can change their environment in their favour. In an open and mixed environment, by contrast, bacteria must cooperate to carry out these functions, such as the production ...

§ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nan yang Technological University, 50 Nan yang Avenue, 639798 Singapore *(D.T.) E-mail: [email protected]. Phone/fax ...

Biochar is a solid carbonaceous material resulting from the thermochemical conversion of biomass under anaerobic conditions, a process known as pyrolysis (Chen et al., 2019). The physical and chemical ...