This simulation compares three half-wave rectifier circuits. The first one uses only a diode and a 100 kΩ load, so the output is just positive pulses that follow the AC peaks. The second circuit adds a 100 nF capacitor across the load. Because the value is small, the capacitor charges at each peak but discharges quickly, creating a large ripple with a slowly falling exponential shape. The third circuit uses a 100 µF capacitor, which stores much more charge. It holds the peak voltage for a longer